Renewable Energy & Clean Fuels

solar panels photovoltaics in solar farm

One of the most celebrated features of the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) is the ability to sell tax credits, including the Production Tax Credit (“PTC”) under Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) § 45 and the Investment Tax Credit (“ITC”) under IRC § 48. Under federal statute and IRS regulations issued last year, the sale of these tax credits does not result in taxable income to the seller and a buyer does not have to recognize gain on the difference between the value of the tax credit and the buyer’s purchase price. But the answer isn’t so simple under state law, which does not always track the federal rule; in some cases, whether the sale proceeds are taxable is unclear, and buyers and sellers of tax credits need to ensure that they are accurately assessing risk and expense.

Proposed changes to Inflation Reduction Act tax credits, solar tariffs, restrictions on wind energy, orders promoting fossil fuels, and a push for energy-related deregulation are just a few of the executive and legislative actions impacting renewable energy that have arisen at the federal, state, and local levels since President Donald Trump took office. We have…

Photovoltaic solar panels on sunset sky background,green clean e

Performance guarantees and performance liquidated damages (PLDs) are an essential element of most engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contracts, especially those related to solar and biogas projects; they make guaranteed levels of project performance, quality, and output enforceable. Specifically, PLDs compensate project owners for financial losses (or a reasonable approximation of them) incurred when projects fail to meet performance guarantees. Appropriately structuring PLDs in EPC contracts requires protecting project owners while balancing the risks for contractors, whose costs will often increase commensurate with increased contract risk. Ultimately, well-structured PLDs protect project owners, allocate appropriate risk to EPC contractors, and reassure financing parties that projects will perform as anticipated.

Upon becoming law in 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) extended the opportunity to generate investment tax credits (“ITCs”) to renewable natural gas (“RNG”) projects, incentivizing the development of new projects and enabling some projects already in the development pipeline to capture material new value. Specifically, the IRA provided for the generation of ITCs pursuant…

Wind turbine energy generaters on wind farm

Texas has been the top oil and gas producing state in the country since at least the 1970s, today contributing 42% of the nation’s crude oil and 27% of its natural gas.[1] Now, the Lone Star State is also experiencing a boom in renewable energy and data center development thanks to its abundant land, economic incentives, light regulations, and favorable energy prices. However, developers should exercise caution when purchasing or leasing property in Texas for these types of projects, as it is not uncommon to discover that this land may also be home to abandoned or even active oil or gas wells.

The Trump administration issued several executive orders and memorandums on the President’s first days in office, targeting the energy industry. Key actions include halting certain new federal actions for offshore and onshore wind projects and revisiting existing programs and policies. However, the impacts of the executive actions appear to be limited thus far. Privately funded…

The dramatic increase in the use cases for data storage, artificial intelligence and cloud computing have resulted in an atmospheric level rise in the demand for data centers, and the question of providing sufficient power to support those data centers has become paramount. Simultaneously, there has been an increasing emphasis on utilizing green energy as corporations and end-market consumers are seeking ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as their own carbon footprints. The co-location of data centers with renewable energy projects, such as solar and wind farms, offers a unique opportunity to address both energy needs and sustainability goals.

While co-location may seem straightforward from a real estate or title perspective—akin to a typical commercial ground lease—there are several legal, environmental, and operational factors that developers and stakeholders need to consider before breaking ground. Examining these considerations, including potential environmental concerns, equipment lifespan, energy load implications, and the overall impact of co-location are critical in determining the financial and practical viability of a development project.

Large scale computing infrastructure, datacenter aerial drone overhead view. Telecommunication server infrastructure.

Although artificial intelligence (“AI”) dominated financial, technological, and even social conversations in 2024, less attention was paid to the reality that AI’s emergence entails substantial increases in energy demand, specifically electricity. Consider that a single ChatGPT query requires 2.9 watt-hours of electricity, compared to 0.3 watt-hours for a Google search, according to the International Energy Agency. Data centers housing tens of thousands of square feet of computing hardware power AI technology, and Goldman Sachs Research estimates those data centers will see power demand grow 160% by 2030, when these facilities will use an estimated 8% of all U.S. power.

Renewable energy developers and financing parties are likely aware of the Agricultural Foreign Investment Disclosure Act (“AFIDA”), a federal law requiring disclosure of foreign investment in agricultural land. Increasingly, U.S. states are imposing AFIDA-like disclosure requirements and restrictions on foreign land ownership, including with respect to renewable energy project sites. This trend is driven by…